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• 上一门农业课写的书评

  作者：annezhang 发布时间：2012-02-14 16:20:51

          After one week of patiently waiting for four supermarket tomatoes to ripen, Thomas Pawlick wound up his arm like a major league baseball player and lobbed one into his backyard fence. Expecting the tomato to splatter and make a gooey mess, he stood amazed as it “bounce[d] off, undamaged, like a not-very-springy, red tennis ball.” It is Pawlick's curiosity about the origins of "tennis ball tomatoes" that inspires this book.

          In The End of Food, Pawlick exposes a myriad of problems not only with tomatoes, but with many of the fruits, vegetables, and meats that form the basic North American diet. His objective is to uncover the cause of the modern food crisis - industrialized food production - and to propose a solution: “acts of subversion” by consumers.

          As a Canadian investigative science journalist with more than 30 years experience and a part-time farmer, Pawlick is justifiably competent in addressing this subject. He does a good job in raising consumers’ awareness of the problems of our industrialized agri-food system and calling for collective action to catalyze reform. Pawlick spends three-fourths of the book uncovering the problems caused by today’s dysfunctional food system. He portrays the corporate, factory-farm food system as “dark and satanic.” His criticisms are familiar: it decreases the nutritional quality and taste of the food we eat, fills food with toxins and poisons, degrades the land and the environment, tortures the animals it “manufactures” and destroys family farmers and rural communities.

          Pawlick particularly cares about consumers’ health and food safety issues. He draws a terrifying picture of how foods produced by an industrialized system could threaten a person’s life. He notes that the American tomato has lost 16.9 percent of its vitamin C since 1963, the potato has lost 57 percent and the broccoli has lost fully 45 percent of this crucial nutrient. Other nutrients, such as vitamin A, iron, calcium, potassium, phosphorous etc., have also decreased substantially. A lack of any of these nutrients could be detrimental. Shortages of vitamin C could cause scurvy. A lack of vitamin A may lead to blindness. And the result of iron deficiency would be life-threatening anemia.

          Moreover, Pawlick tells readers that “the little extras,” such as antibiotics, acrylamide, arsenic and bovine growth hormones, etc. that are added to food in order to increase yield, prevent diseases in plants and animals, or prolong the shelf life of food, in other words, to maximize profit, could be extremely harmful to human health. By citing scientific research he notes that acrylamide, found in potato chips, French fries, and other processed foods, and excessive bovine growth hormone, can both cause cancer. Pawlick also takes the cases of mad cow disease in Britain and E.coli outbreaks in California spinach as demonstrative of how the current food system continually reproduces new problems and why we should care about what we put into our mouths.

          The End of Food presents this dire scenario not by armchair theorizing, but by selected scientific statistics and facts. Heavy footnotes throughout the book provide evidence of tremendous research even if it is selective and some might say, arguably biased. However, he makes a very persuasive argument that our food is toxic and unsafe by drawing upon studies across the world and citing academic papers, conference speeches, books and various news reports.

              This book is not merely a bland synthesis of facts and research. Pawlick's credibility is enhanced by the fact that he is not only a journalist, but also a part-time organic farmer. He possesses a journalist's talent for describing personal knowledge and experience in an engaging way. He also has a farmer's understanding of and passion for agriculture. He successfully blends a personal story telling style with a farmer’s knowledge and concern. One story about his ex-neighbor in Quebec effectively demonstrates to readers how large-scale, mechanized, monoculture-based farming contaminated a river, killed fish, degraded the soil and eliminated the biodiversity of the land.

          He also interviewed scientific experts, food market specialists and industrial spokespersons to find out what characteristics make a tomato variety popular with growers. Yield is, of course, the primary concern in choosing a variety. Surprisingly, neither nutritional value nor taste is on the list. Pawlick is trying to paint a picture that the current food system is a profit-making tool for a small group of big corporations and their executives, which puts the majority of consumers and small farmers at peril.

          Are there any solutions? Yes.

          Not simply interested in sounding an alarm bell and ending the book with a tale of gloom and doom, Pawlick advocates a rebellion against the current food system. He promotes consumer behavioral changes, which are, in his words, “actions of subversion.” The first and easiest act of subversion is planting a backyard garden, using heritage seeds and organic growing methods. For those who cannot grow their own food, Pawlick suggests participating in community or urban gardening and buying food from a local farmer’s market. Again, there is not much new here if you are familiar with this growing body of literature. But, he goes on to urge people to think critically about their food system and encourages grassroots power to boycott food companies that ignore human health and hurt the environment and to lead campaigns against large corporations. He believes grassroots campaigns can eventually influence the entire direction of government policy in food production.

          Pawlick has effectively achieved his goals to show the detrimental effects of the modern food industry and to raise consumer awareness so that individuals will take actions against the current food system. However, he does not build a connection between his solutions and contemporary agri-food scholarship. A number of social scientists are studying and promoting local food movements. Scholarship reveals that consumption can be a form of politics and encourages consumers to participate in the formation of the industry through a process of reflexive consumption. If Pawlick set his argument upon such research, his thesis would be stronger.

  The solution Pawlick suggests - to reclaim the food system through localization - may be too simplistic and ridden with problems. For example, he does not take a critical look at the localism solution he advocates. He believes that thinking and fighting locally can lead people to "take back control of our own food supply, our own meal and our own humanity". The author is overly optimistic about the power of the local food movement to defeat profit-driven food corporations. Many scholars argue that local food system may exacerbate social inequality and lead to defensive localism. There is nothing inherent in spatial relations that negate inequality. His book would have been more persuasive if he critically assessed the desire for localism among its advocates and proposed ways to foster its strengths and circumvent its weaknesses.

          Despite these shortcomings, The End of Food is written in accessible and engaging language and covers a variety of topics in food and agriculture including food nutrition, sustainable agriculture, food safety, rural community development, and gardening. It is a book that could reach a broad audience. For undergraduate students studying community, food and agriculture, environmental sociology, or environmental/social problems focusing on food system, this book could be a good supplemental reading. For individuals who feel strongly about their food quality, safety, and community well-being, it will be a useful guide. For those interested in planting a garden of their own, they will find this book deserves a place on their bookcase because it contains a useful list of resources about organic gardening in the final chapter. Food advocates could also use the book as educational material for their food campaigns.

          Overall, The End of Food is a book worth reading especially for people who care about what they eat and how our food is produced.

   

  Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 25(1), 2010, pp. 132–134.

  Copyright © by the Southern Rural Sociological Association

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• 那些对付无聊的有趣事

  作者：奇想国童书 发布时间：2019-07-02 17:31:38

  彼得·史比尔是我喜爱的图画书大师，他最擅长的就是用图画讲故事，让图画中的细节说话。《超级无聊的一天》不仅讲了一个精彩的故事，更展现出家庭教育的真知。

  故事显然不是从封面开始的，但也不是从第一页开始的，而是从衬页开始的，而且书名页、版权页都在讲故事。否则，我们不会明白在第一页妈妈为什么会略带不满地说：“去找点事做！我在你们这个年纪，从来没觉得无聊过！”

  答案就在衬页和书名页上。我们可以看到，哥俩似乎把家里能玩的都玩了个遍，排球、高跷、自行车、足球、网球、孔明灯、弓箭、篮球、船模、门球、羽毛球、滑板、轮滑、飞盘、曲棍球、皮划艇、钓竿、潜水器、棒球、乒乓球、橄榄球……还要加上哥俩坐在屁股下的推车和秋千，这些项目可都是男孩喜欢玩的啊，数量之多足够开一场运动会了吧！

  可是，他俩对妈妈说：好无聊啊。于是，好戏就开场了。

  他俩来到了仓库，看到一个螺旋桨。然后，他们决定自己制造一架飞机。书本上可以查到工作原理，他们需要轮子、木头、座椅、钉子、油漆、胶水、布料、铰链、绳子，还有挡风玻璃、螺丝、电线……可是材料从哪儿来呢？对他们来说，小弟弟的婴儿车、爸爸的汽车、院子里的晒衣绳、家里的电视机……通通可以当作飞机零件。老天，这不是闹着玩吗？

  是的，正是闹着玩！

  有趣、好玩，恰恰可以用来对付无聊。在无聊的时候，孩子们有机会去重新打量熟悉的事物，发掘观察现有环境的新角度—这正是开发创造潜能的开端。通过学习处理自己与外在世界的关系，能够激发孩子的想象力和创造力。

  不过，许多父母听到孩子说“好无聊”后都会主动干预。有些父母会建议或者命令孩子“看书去”“做题去”；有些父母估计更加简单粗暴，让孩子玩手机、平板电脑或者看电视……这样做的后果就是把孩子推向了更加无聊的事情。而且，这些做法不利于孩子们学习有效管理时间。前一种父母的干预方式使得孩子的时间经常被大人们控制，他们没有自己的空暇时间，更缺乏自己决定做一些有趣的事情的良好体验；而后一种父母的行为，使得孩子们过于依赖电子设备，相比之下，那些亲子活动，或与同龄人一起玩耍就显得“毫无竞争力”。更不利的是，这两种做法让孩子们无法安静下来，去思考自己内心的需求。

  有时候，孩子嘴上说“无聊”，其实是需要父母的关注。因此，爸爸妈妈们需要停下手中的事情，把注意力完全放在孩子身上。共读一本书，玩一会儿游戏，请孩子一起做家务，哪怕就是和孩子一起聊聊天，他就会觉得受到关注，内心自然充满正能量，无聊也就不复存在了。

  另外，这本图画书中的父母也给了我们一些启示。当孩子做了危险的事情，需要惩戒时—爸爸先是狠揍了一顿屁股，接着勒令他们把所有东西都物归原处，最后让他俩回到自己的房间反省。这三个步骤都很重要，一个都不能少。而母亲的担心（差点儿晕了过去）、安慰（给被体罚的孩子拥抱和亲亲）、分担（换洗衣服），以及她与丈夫立场一致的做法，也给了妈妈们很好的榜样示范。

  当然，他们对孩子的评价—“这些男孩儿啊！”“倒是挺聪明的。”—正是他们这种教育行为下的成果。

  新阅读研究所研究员、教育自媒体“一慢二看”创办人 李一慢

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• 这所只存在了8年的大学，为什么值得每一个国人记住？

  作者：苏小陌 发布时间：2021-05-03 15:19:24

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• 优秀的儿童文学不止于儿童阅读

  作者：有人吗？ 发布时间：2020-03-06 11:20:16

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• 古镇人心不古！

  作者：破碎 发布时间：2009-12-22 10:57:15

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