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• 流动的图书车似流动的盛宴，似流动的莎士比亚书店

  作者：湖 发布时间：2023-09-20 08:52:27

  十万字小32开，硬面精装，握在手中很适意。

  腰封很简洁，没有名人推荐，只有简要介绍：

  爱书人福利，爱猫人福利。

  “如果你知道莎士比亚书店，你一定要读这本书。如果你知道流动的盛宴，你更要读这本书。此刻我们好像都在海明威的书里。”

  “时光斗转星移，他读书的时候，太阳照亮了他，温暖了他，他的意识把光芒和书联系在了一起。”

  [老虎R]

  故事并不是发生在巴黎，故事发生在加拿大魁北克市。主角名叫“司机”，他开着流动图书卡车在魁北克和北岸之间的小村镇上巡回，春季一次，夏季一次，秋季一次。

  他遇上了来参加狂欢节的法国罗讷河谷附近的一个巡回乐队。他对乐队领队玛丽一见倾心。

  他为魁北克文化部工作，文化部提供书，他自己出车，他开始巡游，他停驻的都是小村镇，避免与图书馆和书店起冲突。小镇上有读者网络，有兼职的负责人借书换书收书，也有单独的读者，借过的书可以按书上的地址寄回魁北克文化部。

  可以想象在澄澈的天空不，海天一色，爱书的人们互相交流，等着流动图书车的到来。

  玛丽是鸟类画家，象奥杜邦一样，她有敏锐的眼睛。她兼职做这只巡回乐队的领队，安排合约，预订以及食宿。巡回乐队有乐手歌手还有杂耍演员和一条黑狗。

  “司机”与玛丽相谈甚欢，非常默契，谈到读过的书。去过的巴黎莎士比亚书店。他们一起去北方巡游，走进加拿大魁北克。太美了。

  随手摘一段：“对他来说，因为缺乏绿植，这就是一片荒凉的景象。实际上，那里各处都颜色缤纷，花岗岩是粉色的，第一是绿色或橘色的，苔藓上有斑驳的白色和红色小花。而且你会看到的村庄很美，村民都很好客。”（138页）

  “他们远远地看到一头鲸鱼，…”“再远些，坡度渐缓，他们终于走到了一大群塘鹅面前。在悬崖边和木篱笆之间，成千上万只白头黄冠的鸟儿聚集在一起，游移不定，叽叽喳喳叫着。他们的喙指向上方飞回来的同类。他们从深蓝的大海归来，曾潜进那里去捕鱼。”“角鸬鹚，海雀和海鸠，我还听到了海鸭的嘶鸣声，不过没看见它。”（P192--193页）

  他们一起返回魁北克，他们的爱情也瓜熟蒂落。他们经历的是一次夏季环游。他从缠绕着他的孤独情绪中挣脱，与玛丽相约秋季环游。

  作者文笔细腻安静丛容，没有跌宕起伏的情节，细致入微地讲述了两个契合的人的相遇，没有争执，在书和猫的世界共鸣。

  看了一下作者介绍，作者雅克•普兰生于1937年，如今已经80多岁的老人，这本书中“司机”有个作家朋友杰克，经常沉浸在自己的写作中，不知道是不是作者本人的写照？

  流动的图书车似流动的盛宴，似流动的莎士比亚书店。

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• 创业，唯一的致富道路

  作者：Hammer_ 发布时间：2018-10-25 22:54:45

  这书的作者大概身家千万美元吧，人民币几千万那样，这样身家我个人觉得是最合适教人如何致富的，格局足够，并且接地气，不会高屋建瓴，弄得很虚，一般几十亿身家的人就开始形而上学，搞心理建设，上升到哲学一类的，最后你会发现，我擦，鸡汤！

  书上有一个很有趣的观点，作者说，财富不是由物质财产，金钱组成的，而是由3个f组成，即家庭（family）或人际关系，健康(fitness)和自由（freedom）

  哈佛幸福课上得出的研究结论，我们的幸福感与否，最重要的因素，是和谐的人际关系。其实很容易理解，你存款一个亿，但是你想请吃饭，没人搭理你啊，其实你是不会开心的。

  所以小伙伴们记住了，财富是三位一体的，人际关系，健康和自由。

  作者提出了三个概念，人行道，慢车道，快车道。

  具体自己看书，快车道其实就是创业，作者还提供了具体方法论，3个他觉得是绝好的快车道：

  互联网生意

  创新产品/服务

  创造规模效应

  作者自己就是通过互联网生意发家致富的，所以十分推崇互联网生意，因为任何一个互联网生意，都是global的，全球性的生意。满足他总结出的快车道生意的戒律，例如影响力定律，规模效应等。

  蛮不错的好书，有助于树立正确的财富观，和开拓创业思路。值得一看。

  书摘：

  1.过程才是通往财富的路途，目的地作为结果虽光芒闪耀，但实现它全靠过程。是的，通往成功的电梯是不存在的，你必须自己努力爬楼梯。

  2.财富不是由物质财产，金钱组成的，而是由3个f组成，即家庭（family）或人际关系，健康(fitness)和自由（freedom）

  3.财富绝不是体现在一辆汽车上，而是体现在你可以自由地购买它。

  4.在奔驰经销商那里是买不到财富的，但是可以在那里破坏你的自由。

  5.在财富转换过程容易迷失自由。人们炫耀财富的象征，却没有自由，当你失去自由的时候，就意味着正在丧失真正的财富，那就是健康和人际关系。

  6.负担不起的物质财富会对我们健康和人际关系带来不良后果。富有讽刺意味的是，看起来有钱才是真正富有的敌人，因为它破坏了自由，破坏了健康，也破坏了人际关系。

  7.你购买能够象征财富的商品，你渴望受到尊重，被接受和被爱，感到骄傲和喜悦。这些感觉代表了什么？你希望得到幸福。

  这就是诱惑。我们把这种腐化的财富定义为幸福，当它不能兑现时，我们便会失望，便会感受不到幸福。

  8.他们会为了赚钱让自己处在高速运转的工作状态下，赚钱则是为了过奢侈的生活，要过奢侈的生活则必须工作赚钱。这种被奴役的生活方式会彻底摧毁自由。

  9.你买了越多负担不起的东西，你的刑期就越长。

  10.财富和健康如出一辙，是不容易保持的。获得它们的过程也是相同的，需要纪律，牺牲，坚持，承诺，而且要推迟自己的享乐。如果你不能抵御即时享乐的诱惑，你会很难获得健康与财富。

  11.人行道是一种生活顽疾，通过透支未来的幸福换取今天的快乐。慢车道正好相反，即牺牲今天的幸福，把希望寄托在未来。

  12.走快车道的人了解这个弱点，他们意识到只有拥有大笔资金的情况下，复利这个武器才是最有效的。要想让复利有效，你必须绕过前30年，因为这30年几乎是没有用的。只有过了这个期限复利才是高效的。

  13.富人不使用复利来获得财富，而是用它来获得收入和流动性。1000万美金，5%收益，就能造出50万美金的被动收入。至于你是否赚到1000万美元，全凭快车道业务增长。

  14.致富故事好卖，但致富过程无法出售。

  15.影响力定律是说，不管在规模上还是在数量上，你在一个实体中影响的人越多，你获取的财富就越多。简单说就是，影响百万人就能赚到百万美元。

  16.如果你想通过内在价值致富，你必须借助影响力定律的作用，站在一个可以影响数以百万的人的位置。要像一个运动员，明星或高级总裁那样，拥有不可替代的地位。

  17.你不能像一个运动员那样拥有数以百万计的粉丝？那么你就直接找到这些人，为他们提供服务吧。房产经纪人通过打理富人的房产变得富有，因为他们间接地将自己和影响力定律连接在一起。

  18.当你面临一系列的选择时，选择就创造你的过程，过程就创造你的生活方式，生活方式的选择会决定你成为什么人。

  19.当你的选择需要多年才能判断是否正确时，分歧已经扩大化了。分歧可能是正向的，也有可能是负向的。

  20.你的选择对未来有着显著的影响。你越年轻，它们释放的影响力就越强大。

  21.加入企业家俱乐部，参加社交活动，和有同类想法的人打成一片，和订阅快车道的人在一起，具备一切皆有可能的心态，下定决心为你的团队找到你想要的战士。多看看那些你想要成为的成功人士的书和自传，找到一个导师。

  22.伙计们，这是战争，而你的生活安危未定，你需要面临死亡毫无畏惧的战士，只有他们才能解除慢车道的牵引力，也不会在慢车道的迹象初现的时候成为惊慌失措的菜鸟。反思你的环境和人际关系，甄别一下你的阻力来自何方。然后选择加速的行动。

  23.专心致志的快车道上的人整个星期都在看书，他们参加研讨会，光顾商业论坛，经常用谷歌搜索各种话题和策略。你无需天分，只凭借坚定和努力就可以成为某一个领域的专家。关键是---去做！

  24.技能和专业知识就在那里等着你。没有人会放一本书在你桌上或把只是当作礼物送欸你。你得自己去寻找，去尝试，去用它。知识的获取和应用会让你变得富有。

  25.要记住，轻松致富是一枚糖衣炮弹。创造一个生机勃勃的业务，就像把孩子从出生抚养成人。就像父母需要向孩子们承担责任，你必须为你的系统和业务承担责任。这是检验你的底线。

  26.兴趣和承担之间，存在着本质区别。读一本书是兴趣，应用是承担责任。兴趣是想开始一项业务，承担责任是完成有限公司的注册文档。从周一到周五工作一小时是兴趣，每周工作7天，只要有时间就工作是承担责任。兴趣让你看上去富有，承担责任使你变得富有。

  27.对于失败而言，相信我，相比不去尝试的遗憾，失败后的悔恨其实没那么严重。

  28.3条快车道生意，互联网生意，创新产品或服务，创造规模效应。

  29.有人正在做那件事，这是个幻觉。所有事情都有人在做。问题在于，你能做得更好吗? 你可以更好满足需求，提供更高的价值吗？

  By Hammer

  2018.10.25

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• Feminist Consciousness in The Mill on the Floss

  作者：Fay Kellum 发布时间：2013-03-15 18:03:00

  大一的时候写的论文，今天随手翻到就扔上来了。

  FEMININE is more often than not used as a negative adjective to describe the fragile feature of women. Even Shakespeare expressed such view through the mouth of Hamlet, ‘fragile, your name is woman.’ Yet is fragile, or sensitive, gentle and emotional, which are often regarded as criticism of the nature of a person, the nature of woman, or is it constructed by the values, norms and institutions of society which is dominated by men? For such a long time, we use tender, slender and gentle to praise a woman for her feminism and morality. They are either regarded as a sacred trophy (such as in Troy), or viewed as a sort of auxiliary to men.

  It is true that physically women are inferior to men on strength, size and energy. However, Hamlet imposed another factor ‘reason’ upon women, as he thought, that women were fragile, for they had no reason. Indeed, Gertrude’s marriage with Claudis was unreasonable, yet she had no initiative on this issue. Therefore, a question can be raised. Is the concept ‘women’ socially constructed or inborn?

  I am not trying to overthrow the traditional view thoroughly, but through analyzing George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss, I expect to make some counter arguments against it.

  One of George Eliot’s masterpieces The Mill on the Floss was published in 1860 when the Victorian Britain was reigned by monarch Queen Victoria and difficulties escalated due to the vision of ‘ideal woman’ shared by the society. They were deprived of their right to vote, sue or own property, and they were evaluated almost solely by their purity and submissiveness. Their education was limited; their roles were bound to the households; they could not give free rein to their thoughts; their essential and only challenge in life was to ingratiate themselves with their husbands. It is almost precise to say that, before 1792’s publication of Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, women voluntarily remained the state of sub-citizen of the society, and few women dared to violate the rule (if there were any, they were sure to perish in their furious struggle). However, Wollstonecraft conspicuously, had not subverted the mainstream of the values of the general public. To most men, they prohibited women to be, or to have the notion to be, superior to him, or rather, their equal.

  Before the industrialization agriculture was the prevailing productive force, it is possible that women were not in advantage, since they made less contribution to the production. However, when machine replaced the manual work, and women could manipulate machines as well as, if not better than men. While men still wanted to continue their domination, the only way they could possibly realize the unjustifiable aim was to overstress the physical weakness of women, expanding it to unreasonability, incapability and doing badly at everything. The first step they took was to prohibit them from entering educational institution.

  Michel Foucault coined the concept ‘power-knowledge’. In his theory, power is based on knowledge and makes use of knowledge; on the other hand, power reproduces knowledge by shaping it in accordance with its anonymous intentions. Knowledge is the basis of power, and women were deprived of the source to gain knowledge. The education was prohibited mainly by the society creating a set of educational norm that did not fit women, and therefore, under the pressure and social prejudice, they were willing to remain ignorant and in the state of subordination.

   

  Maggie Tulliver, although did not think the educational system unfit, was influenced strongly by the social prejudice, as her family prejudiced against her gaining access to education. She is one victim of such education. Her behaviours in childhood forcefully denied the prevailing view that women were incapable of rational or abstract thought and was too susceptible to sensibility and too fragile to be able to think clearly. Quite to the contrary, the child Maggie had a distinctive line of thoughts, and her conversation with Luke accidentally revealed her inborn intelligence and rationalism.

    ‘I think you never read any book but the Bible, did you, Luke?’

    ‘Nay, Miss—an’ not much o’ that,’ said Luke, with great frankness, ‘I’m no reader, I aren’t.’

    ‘But if I lent you one of my books, Luke? I’ve not got any very pretty books that would be easy for you to read; but there’s “Pug’s Tour of Europe”--- that would tell you all about the different sorts of people in the world, and if you didn’t understand the reading, the pictures would help you--- they show the looks and ways of the people and what they do. There are the Dutchmen, very fat, and smoking, you know--- and one sitting on a barrel.’

  Maggie’s speech was logically fluent, and showed her ability to reason. For example, if one did not understand the book, it was easier to get information from the picture; through the book one might derive knowledge and tour the world, etc. Maggie was given the education which taught, or rather, forced her to be gentle, benumbed and dependent. Education differed according to gender. For women, education moulded them into submissive and highly sensitivie creatures eternally depending on men, and their utmost task was to please men. Women were made to fall prey to ‘violent and constant passion’, and were consequently made to think irrationally. There are even some great thinkers of that age, such as Rousseau (he is believed to be a believer in the moral superiority of the patriarchal family on the antique Roman model) staked a claim that women were somewhat incapable to think independently, and they had to largely rely on men. We could also regard Maggie’s gradually falling prey to her sensitivity as the clue of this novel. As women had to be submissive, gentle and fragile, all the distinctive features that had the potential to violate this accepted social regulation even slightly bit would be viewed as reproachful. In the third chapter, Maggie was threatened by Mrs. Tulliver to make her hair curl, and later, when exasperated by all such restrictions, she cut her hair short, in an attempt to triumph over her mother and aunts, but only to be smocked by Tom as ‘the idiot we throw our nutshells to at school’. Lucy, on the other hand, was depicted as a model for Maggie, for she was gentle in behaviour and obedient to her superior, or in other words, accepted her situation willingly. She had curly hair, which was the butt for her mother and aunt to reproach Maggie. Even though Maggie herself, as a young child, might not be aware of this, yet no doubt, she had strong consciousness of feminism. She constantly regarded herself as an equal to Tom, so that when Mr. Riley and Mr. Tulliver were discussing about providing Tom education, she was eager as well to be educated, even though her request was scoffed and looked down upon by the adults. In her subconsciousness, she realised that reading was somewhat a privilege to the superior, and she was born fond of reading books and brainy. To her, reading was the utmost entertainment. She eagerly informed Luke of her knowledge while they were out on the Floss, offering her book ‘Pug’s Tour of Europe’ and ‘Animated Nature’. It was the feminism consciousness which lay in her subconsciousness which made her collapse every time she was despised by Tom or other adults, or when she felt being looked down upon. She craved for education, equality and friendship. Moreover, she gradually came to realise that she was, in fact, unequal to her less intelligent brother, because of incessant frustration from endless criticism. Her pride and sense of feminism was hurt every time she was reprimanded.

   

  For a long time, I agree with Marixst feminism’s point of view that private property, which gives rise to economic inequality, dependence, political oppresion and ultimately unhealthy social relations between men and women, is the root of women's oppression in the current social context. I do not believe that women are inborn more sensitive, fragile and incapable than men, just as the child Maggie reflected, she was endowed with brightness, but it was the society that shaped the women to be feminine, since without private property, they had to rely on men for financial income, and in order to attract a man of higher social rank, she had to be morbidly graceful and vulnerable so as to arouse men’s sexual desire. Tom’s superiority to Maggie arose to a higher stage when he started to help his father pay off the family’s debt. Since women were prohibited from working places, the gulf between the brother and sister deepened.

  In The Mill on the Floss, Maggie’s feminist consciousness is divided into three stages. The first stage is strong, when Maggie was still a child, uninformed of the social prejudice and discrimination on women. She followed her nature and crazed for books and knowledge.

  Maggie’s failed attempt to run away from home connoted that women in that period would never succeed in breaking the shackles of the socially accepted regulations. The metaphor which Eliot applied to is the gypsy queen, a symbol used in romantic poetry and painting, standing for an escape from the zero-sum game of Victorian social codes. Maggie craved for freedom, education and happiness, and desired to break the shackles of the Victorian codes bound on her, yet her incapability to escape from the reality incarnated the helplessness of all the women who, with dream of gaining freedom and independence, had to recede to the reality and accept their social roles. This chapter, entitled ‘Maggie Tries to Run Away from Her Shadow’, indicatively expressed the author’s attitude, that is, women’s world was overcast by shadow.

   

  The first book came to an end with Maggie’s failure to escape from all such restrictions. The second book commenced with Tom receiving education along with Phillip Wakem from Mr. Stelling. Phillip Wakem here was a contrast to Tom,who was a character supporting absolute masculinism and showing disregard to women, including her sister’s intelligence. Phillip here was sort of androgynous. His handicapped back prevented him from being physically strong and dominant as Tom, nor could he concede to fragility, as his identity of being male reminded him that he was supposed to be powerful. He acted a positive role in Maggie’s life, but was often scoffed by Tom, the masculine principle personified.

   

  Yet in the first half of the second book, Maggie’s desire for knowledge and her feminism consciousness had not extinguished yet. Her every visit to Tom revealed that she was capable of learning, and was fitter for education than Tom. During Maggie’s first visit to Mr. Stelling, while Tom was entangled in the mess of Euclid and Latin, Maggie, for the first time, offered patronising consolation on Tom. At this moment, Maggie had absolute superiority to Tom in her knowledge as she excelled in Latin and her intelligence to learn Latin enabled her to master Euclid if given a chance .Yet even thus, Tom still had not cast away his air of patriarchy.

  ‘I’ll help you now, Tom,’ said Maggie, with a little air of patronising consolation. ‘I’m come to stay ever so long, if Mrs. Stelling asks me. I’ve brought my box and my pinafores, haven’t I, father?’

  ‘You help me, you silly little thing!’ said Tom, in such high spirits at this announcement, that he quite enjoyed the idea of confounding Maggie by showing her a page of Euclid. ‘I should like to see you doing one of my lessons! Why, I learn Latin too! Girls never learn such things. They’re too silly.’

  ‘I know what Latin is very well,’ said Maggie, confidently, ‘Latin’s a language. There are Latin words in the Dictionary. There’s bonus, a gift.’

  ‘Now you’re just wrong there, Miss Maggie!’ said Tom, secretly astonished. ‘You think you’re very wise! But “bonus” means “good”, as it happens---bonus, bona, bonum.’

    

  The unabridged version of The Mill on the Floss had the three words ‘I’ll’, ‘you’ and ‘my’ marked in italics. When Maggie put her emphasis on ‘I’ll’, she obviously felt a sense of triumph and dominance, as she herself thought that it was a moment when she could hold dominance onto her brother. She had not grown out of her purity yet, and the sense of feminism consciousness was still upon her. Moreover, by reasoning the meaning of ‘bonus’, Maggie showed strong rationality. In the dialogue following what I have quoted, Maggie analysed the deeper meaning of ‘lawn’, and won a smocking-like praise from Mr. Tulliver, which aroused Tom’s disgust, as he always showed disgust on Maggie’s knowingness. As for Tom, through his ‘secretly astonished’ feeling, we could easily conclude that in his innermost he unwillingly admitted that Maggie’s intelligence had far exceeded him. Her intelligence was commented as ‘showing her cleverness to appreciating strangers’ Her trying to correct Tom’s Latin was regarded as ‘chatter’ or ‘any donkey can do that’.

  The story proceeded to Maggie’s first encounter with Phillip. This chapter revealed the inborn ability to reason in Maggie. Tom’s prejudice against Phillip was rooted in the hatred between Mr. Tulliver and the lawyer Wakem, and he followed the rule ‘like father, like son’, and defined Phillip as a rogue without observing him objectively. Quite to the contrary Maggie seemed to have more reason, as the dialogue between she and Tom formed sharp contrast in their reasonableness.

    ‘I think Phillip Wakem seems a nice boy, Tom,’ she said, when they were out of the study together into the garden, to pass the interval before dinner. ‘He couldn’t choose his father, you know, and I’ve read of very few bad men who had good sons, as well as good parents who had had children. And if Phillip is good, I think we ought to be the more sorry for him because his father is not a good man. You like him, don’t you?’

    ‘O, he’s a queer fellow,’ said Tom curtly, ‘and he’s as sulky as can be with me, because I told him his father was a rogue. And I’d a right to tell him so, for it was true--- and he began it, with calling me names. But you can stop here by yourself a bit, Magsie, will you?’

    

  Tom was lack of judgement, and it was somewhat a kind of defect of men, that they overstressed the notion of hatred between families. Julie committed suicide to follow Romeo to the heaven, because both of them had the ability to reason, and to judge a person according to his or her quality, character and personality, instead of blindly following the opinions of the elders. Yet here Tom was different. Blinded by the hatred and jealousy in the adult’s world, Tom mistook this action as being responsible and just. He thought himself as an adult, by hating the same person his father hated, yet what he did not know that by his blind imitation, he would cause more trouble than he anticipated.

   

  In her later close contact with Phillip when Tom had his foot hurt, she revealed a sense of sensitivity, since Phillip was a poor boy with deformity. She tried her best to avoid mentioning deformity, even though once she accidentally let ‘I should be so sorry for you’ slip out of her mouth.

  The first volume ended by Tom returning home for Mr. Tulliver’s mishap. On the whole, what the first volume revealed was Maggie’s advantage over Tom on both academics and social relations. Maggie was thirst for knowledge, equipped with sense and intelligence, possessed with a strong sense of rebellion and also with a touch of sentimentality, which enabled her to communicate more smoothly. Maggie bore blame; she had been blamed all her life, and nothing had come of it but evil tempers. Yet in the volume following, the advantage was gradually nipped by all kinds of prejudice and restriction.

  The second volume commenced with the bankruptcy and illness of Mr. Tulliver and the uprising hatred between the Tullivers and the lawyer Wakem. The beginning chapter was replete with the blame on Maggie. Here came the second stage of Maggie’s feminist consciousness, which gradually became weaker and she somewhat conceded by Tom’s brutal oppression and Mr. Tulliver’s indifference.

  This is a typical demonstration of what Simone de Beauvoir mainly argued in her book The Second Sex, that men had made women the "Other" in society by putting a false aura of "mystery" around them, and that men used this as an excuse not to understand women or their problems and not to help them. One is not born a woman, but becomes one. We may also find corresponding idea in Wollstonecraft’s assertation that ‘women are told from their infancy, and taught by the example of their mother, that a little knowledge of human weakness, just termed cunning, softnessof temper, outward obedience, and a scrupulous attention to a puerile kind of propriety, will obtain for them the protection of man’. Women’s mind was shaped from the infancy, and they were not born with the notion ‘dependence’ or ‘need to be protected’. That is how the two words ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ were coined. Although they refer to the same object, yet they stress different aspects. Sex is biological, while gender is social.

  Tom’s failure to get a position from Mr. Deane reflected his poor capacity and performance. When he returned from Mr. Deane, he was met with Maggie’s amiable joke that if someone had taught her book-keeping she could teach Tom. Yet with the sense of masculinity preoccupied, this joke was not to be accepted. He retorted harsh words by blaming her ‘always sitting yourself up above me and everyone else’ and ‘I can judege much better than you can’. Tom is the typical man in the Victorian society when the country had just been industrialized. Before machine replaced manual labour, man had absolute advantages physically.

  The agriculture and farm work were completed mostly by men. However, when manual labour no longer remained the main source for production, such absolute domination was erased and gradually vanished. Men, in desire for remaining absolute domination over women, degraded women to the greatest extent, by emphasizing their physical weakness, from which extended to their inability to reason and to think, and that it was impossible for them to acquire all kinds of knowledge. That is why Mr. Stelling commented that girls ‘can pick up a little of everything’, but ‘they’ve a great deal of superficial cleverness, but they couldn’t go far into everything. They are quick and shallow’. In this way, what Maggie had been taken pride in (quickness) was a sort of defect, and ‘it would be better to be slow like Tom’. However, if Tom were a girl, then he would also be blamed for his clumsiness. In conclusion, in that era, all the qualities, including defects which are possessed in boys were all something worth praising.

  Under constant surveillance of the elders and the restriction of the traditional concepts of women, the grown-up Maggie shifted to an ordinary woman, concealing her intelligence and conceding to the social suppression. She gave way to the constant surveillance. Perpetual surveillance is internalized by individuals to produce the kind of self-awareness that defines the modern subject. In the period when Maggie was able to talk, she was incessantly told that her brother Tom would go to school, while she had to keep gentle, keep her hair curly and do the chores which are supposed to be girls’ job. In her childhood, she was thirst for the world of knowledge while Tom was annoyed and impatient with the world of Latin and Euclid. She possessed with the sense to understand the world, to share the mishaps and sorrows with her male family members, yet she was forced to shut out from all those. Having sensed all those, she could appeal to no one but tears, wishing that she had been taught ‘real learning and wisdom, such as great men knew’.

  In the beginning of Book Fifth, Maggie and Phillip Wakem met again, after a sequence of conflicts between families and alterations on both of the two youngsters. By then Maggie confessed that she had given up ‘thinking about what is easy and pleasant’ and ‘being discontented because I couldn’t have my own will’, which startled Phillip a bit, for in his eyes, nothing would ever change one’s nature, and he never doubted she would be the same. Yet in this chapter, Maggie’s shift from her innocence to twisted maturity was revealed by her refusal of Phillip’s book. Her reason given was thus, ‘it would make me in love with this world again, as I used to be—it would make me long to see and know many things--- it would make me long for a full life.’ Poetry and art and knowledge are sacred indeed, but of course, not for women of those times. For those women as Maggie, the thirst for knowledge must be extinguished, instead of quenched. Just as Wollstonecraft had stated, ‘strengthen the female mind by enlarging it, and there will be an end to blind obedience; but, as blind obedience is ever sought for by power, tyrants and sensualists are in the right whenthey endeavour to keep women in the dark, because the former only want slaves, and the latter a plaything’. For men, women acted as two roles, slaves and plaything, and for the latter, the plaything must be available in sexual functions. Maggie was the sort of woman that was forced to be kept in the dark, groping her way, at first trying to figure out what had happened in the family and between her father and Mr. Wakem; Maggie’s life was destined to be a series of blind obedience. She obeyed her father blindly by rejecting book, knowledge and joy of the world. She had struggled, of course, yet she conceded. She in the following blindedly followed the tyrannical Tom’s order that she must stay away from Phillip, and in this way her sole encouragement was driven away. Yet, according to what Phillip had told Maggie, such resignation, or rather, stupefaction, would not bring joy and peace, which were what Maggie had been seeking for by shutting herself away from the world. She had been tired of the endless struggle with her brother and father, and had chosen a life seemingly joyful and peaceful. Her nature would never acquiesce that. What she was doing was stupefaction, to be more plainly, self-cheating. Such cheating would bring more pain to her. Yet within such a sequence of blind obedience, her sense had not yet perished. Later her refutation to Tom on Phillip Wakem demonstrated that.

  Here Phillip acts a sort of androgynous role. For one thing, he was a man, having chance to get systematic education together with Tom, seeing the world, gaining knowledge and knowing the world. Compared with Maggie, if they were both male, then Phillip was in an inferior state, because of his disability. Maggie started to grow fond of Phillip, because, to some extent, she saw some reflection, and also some of her expectation on herself, on him. Phillip had a feminine sympathetic, while he was talking with Maggie in the Red Deeps. He was sentimental enough to cognize the world, to share others’ feelings, and especially, to see more openly on women’s education and development. It was rare, for a man, to advise a woman to read more, to know and enjoy the world, and to appreciate life. Phiilip, though having disability and not being so masculine as Tom, was being educated. Maggie was longing for such education, and thus she looked up to Phillip, regarding him both as her soul mate and an approachable idol.

  Their secret meeting went on for a year, during which under Phillip’s constant encouragement, Maggie picked up reading again, enjoying a few happy moments. It was obvious, that only books would cheer Maggie up, and fulfill Maggie’s world. Yet in the book, their relationship ended by Phillip confessing to Maggie his love, Maggie accepting it indirectly. All these were discovered by Tom, eventually, and he insisted on Maggie leading him to where Phillip Wakem was. In this scene Maggie might be the first time brave enough to stand up to Tom that he had been ‘reproaching people all his life’, always sure that he himself was right, and this is directly reflected in Tom’s refutation that Maggie was showing her affection to father by merely disobeying and deceiving him. Maggie had realized that all her struggle was in vain. After all, her fate was controlled by anybody but herself.

  Yet in here Maggie’s sense still remained. As a woman who could be permitted to do nothing, she roared vehemently but helplessly to Tom, ‘So I will submit to what I acknowledge and feel to be right. I will submit even to what is unreasonable from my father, but I will not submit to it from you. You boast of your virtues as if they purchased you a right to be cruel and unmanly as you’ve been today.’ All the reading and her thirst for knowledge did not quit her entirely, but built up a strong sense of right and wrong in her mind. That may be what knowledge can offer women, and that is possibly why for a long time women were banned from schools, for educated women would bring their blind obedience to an end. Was we not heart striken, when we found a gifted and lovable Maggie Tulliver repressing her anger and creativity to develop a neurotic and self-destructive personality?

  Now we come to the last volume of the novel, and in the last volume, Maggie’s feminist consciousness had come to the last stage. The consciousness was eliminated from appearance. Even though there were conflicts every now and then, she conceded to her fate and started to obey. That is how come when Elaine Showalter compared Jane Eyre with The Mill on the Floss, she commented, ‘Bronte’s Jane Eyre is the heroine of fulfillment; Eliot’s Maggie Tulliver is the heroine of reununciation’ .

  The last volume began with Maggie introduced to her cousin Lucy’s boyfriend Stephen Guest. Maggie fell into deep thinking when Lucy offered her the Sketch Book. The lapse of time had altered everything. Rush of memories surged into Maggie’s mind as her eyes fell upon the sunshine on the rich clumps of spring flowers, such as Tom’s brotherly friendliness; she was also hit by what she was now, distasteful days, intense and varied life she once yearned for, her future even worse than her past and all those years’ contented renunciation. Maggie’s first encounter with Stephen Guest alarmed Lucy a little, for beforehand she had never been awared of Maggie’s renunciation all those years. The old Maggie must appear to be too ‘odd and clever’ to please. Yet it also revealed the fact that Maggie had not been used to the society, where people spoke from the lips merely, and therefore she was infuriated by compliments, which appeared absurd to the experienced ladies and also made Maggie feel ashamed of herself. Having given up the life she yearned, nor could she get used to lives of ordinary ladies, which is also a cause for her tragedy in the end.

  Phillip Wakem’s name was mentioned again by Lucy, as he was a good friend of hers. Maggie, encouraged by Lucy and out of her own initiative, went for permission from Tom, since she had promised him not to see him without telling him. As Phillip met her, she told her that she wished she could make a world outside love as men did, since she derived no happiness from it. When she was a child, she also wished to create a new world as men did, but that was to live independently and knowledgeably, and now she returned to her old thought in a new form. Wishing to create a world outside love was only an escape from pain, from reality and from submissiveness. Viewing Maggie’s life on a whole, to a great extent, she had been living for Tom’s love. She would sacrifice anything of her own personality in order not to be rejectd by Tom. When Lucy asked her not to go away and be apart from Phillip, she refused the forthcoming happiness by saying that Tom asserted she could only marry Phillip on the condition of giving him up. In this way, she appeared to be self-doubting and unassertive all the time, because we know that in fact Tom had never brought Maggie genuine happiness and use.

  I say that Maggie has developed a neurotic and self-destructive personality, because she is perversely drawn to destroy all her opportunities for renewal, such as refusing Dr. Kenn’s offer to be a permanent parishioner in another town, her endless plea for Tom’s forgiveness, simply waiting for others to validate her existence, etc. Her personality, now, could best be described by quoting ‘the souls by nature pitched too high, by suffering plunged too low’ .

  Although many critics regard Maggie's entanglement with Stephen Guest as a discordance, discrepancy, and a significant failure in Eliot’s work, yet it was an indispensable part in the ending. Maggie moved to live with Lucy and Lucy’s betrothed Stephen fel for Maggie, which seemed natural by reason. After a struggling night with Stephen, Maggie refused him and got away. Yet she was thrown into an abyss of anguish when she eventually managed to return from the grasp of Stephen Guest, while what confronted her was Tom’s icy response and the disgrace she had brought to St. Ogg’s. Having been cruelly driven away by the furious Tom, Maggie plunged into a surge of agony. She agonized, not for her notoriety in the village, but again, for she had disgraced Tom. Her emotional attachment with Tom was reinforced, instead of diminished, by Tom’s endless criticism and oppression.

  The ending was dramatic, and for a long time, it had been commented on by critics. Personally I was hit upon by Tom’s utterance ‘Magsie’ and ‘it’s coming, Maggie’. All their grudes, misunderstanding and conflicts for so many years were drowned in the flood along with their human bodies. I deem Tom’s sudden emotion as the denouncement of his conscience. Yet such denouncement was incompatible with the social background. The drowning of the brother and sister was not designed by the author; it was developed naturally. That is to say, only Tom’s former attitude would survive the society. When Tom and Maggie reunited, Tom accepted Maggie, yet Maggie was not to a woman to be accepted. Her intelligence, her disobedience and her struggle were all against the social trend. Dying together unable to fit the secular world, may them find peace and joy in the paradise.

  There could be another explanation of Maggie’s drowning. In the medieval times, women were thrown into water to test whether they were witches. Those that drowned were regarded as innocent. Eliot applied to such a tale to illustrate that Maggie was innocent; intelligent women were innocent; in fact all women were innocent yet fell into the trap of the society. She paid homage to those victims. Those women who were with feminist consciousness were incompatible to the society, and their characteristics were annihilated by the oppression wrapped them.

  This work created in 1860 was full of feminist consciousness, whether explicitly or implicitly. Throughout the novel, Maggie’s feminist consciousness existed, in the former part explicit, trying to break the shackles of the Victorian Age; in the latter part, such consciousness was hidden until it became subconsciousness. After the work was published, a lot of feminists hated Geroge Eliot. For one thing, Eliot was a success produced in the Victorian Age, but in almost all her works (The Mill on the Floss was arguably the most autobiographic novel), she wrote about how women like she herself failed in their struggle. In this way she denied such struggle, meanwhile she succeeded and benefited through it.

   Dated back to 1792 when Mary Wollstonecraft first called upon women’s rationality, her radical thoughts were too ahead of the development of human consciousness and the society, so that her theories failed to break the shackles that cuffed the women to their households. Mary’s own scandals offset her achievements. It was almost the end of the 19th century when her theories rose to the surface and caught the eyes of the radical feminists. Between the shadowy period, numerous intelligent women became victims, either choosing renunciation or being persecuted by fate. Apart from Maggie, Sue Bridehead ( the heroine in Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure) was a typical example too.

  The Victorian Age was complicated. Because of the struggle of all kinds of people, many outstanding literary works were created. War promoted the development of technology; struggle reinforced the production of novels. I would like to end this dissertation by a poem by Emily Dickenson, ‘they shut me up in prose’.

          

  As when a little Girl

  They put me in the Closet --

  Because they liked me "still" --

  Still! Could themself have peeped --

  And seen my Brain -- go round --

  They might as wise have lodged a Bird

  For Treason -- in the Pound --

  Himself has but to will

  And easy as a Star

  Abolish his Captivity --

  And laugh -- No more have I --

  References:

  [1]Deborah L. Madsen Feminist Theory and Literary Practice (Foreign Language Teaching and Rsearch Press, Pluto Press, 2006)

  [2]Elaine Showalter A Literature of Their Own: From British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing (Foreign Languge Teaching and Research Press , Princeton University Press, 2004)

  [3]Elizabeth Ermarth Maggie’s Long Suicide ( Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 14, No. 4, Nineteenth Century (Autumn, 1974), pp. 587-601)

  [4] Geroge Eliot The Mill on the Floss (The Commercial Press, Beijing, 1995)

  [5] George Eliot: Her Life and Books (London, 1947)

  [6]Maragaret Walters Feminism: A Very Short Introduction (Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press, 2008)

  [7]Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of Rights of Woman (Dover Publications, Inc, 1996.7)

  [8] Raman Selden, Peter Widdowson, Peter Brooker, A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory (Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004. 5)

  [9] Thomas Pinney Essays of George Eliot (New York, 1963)

  [10] The George Eliot Letters, ed. G. S. Haight (New Haven, 1955)

  [11]Virginia Woolf George Eliot (First published in The Times Literary Supplement, 20 November 1919)

     

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• 一点想法

  作者：花想蓉 发布时间：2018-06-11 00:37:48

  以不知为有，也许才是一种“罪恶”吧？不立一真，惟穷流变，这句话的意思不是否认真实的客观存在，只是认为在我们尚未确证之前不要下断言，先探讨史料的形成与变迁过程。夏文化存不存在呢，如果脱离文献，我想说夏文化是存在的，什么意思呢，就是考古学上是有那么一个文化的，你可以定名它为夏，但能不能对应文献中的“夏”才是更主要的问题。我没有否定存在一个先于商的早期文明，只是觉得是不是文献中的“夏”，实在是需要更充分的证据啊。文字证据并非万能，二重证据法对于考古不一定适用，“都邑推定法”未必合适，这我都赞同，但考古学的阐释与古史重建实在不是那么容易就打通的。如果旨在于历史语境下讨论考古，那么就要按照历史学对待史料的方式去对待考古资料，考古资料本身的时间空间定位将变得非常重要，如果不能与文献对应，将很难有强的说服力。孙老师的问题在于挑战了传统考古学对于文明的界定方式，但历史学的方法也没有运用好。

  展开

• 这群“夕阳行业”从业者，手握着解决流量焦虑的良药

  作者：新经典 发布时间：2019-06-12 11:35:28

  余此/文

  “流量”，从一个行业专属名词，逐渐深入到工作、生活甚至娱乐中来：

  为了阅读量，各个公号、媒体化身标题党，追热点写痛点；为了播放量，影视剧和综艺，变着法儿神剪辑、炒话题；追星吧，就得给爱豆做数据，打榜、投票、控评，一整套流水线操作；

  就连自己的社交账号，有时也要为了多几个赞和转发评论，硬凹些人设。

  流量即收益，在这个流量为王的时代，如何获得流量？

  关键在于内容。在新媒体平台，文章、图片、音频、视频是内容；在电商平台，货物是内容；在社交平台，用户及用户产出是内容；在直播平台，主播播出的是内容……

  不然B站为什么要搞“bilibili创作激励计划”，给各大up主分成？今日头条为什么要用25个签约机会、高达200万的签约奖金来举办“今日头条全国新写作大赛”？ 还有爱奇艺文学超级创作联赛，奖励超过千万。

  人人都是自媒体的时代，如何做好内容运营，成了内容平台和每个人的难题。

  自有现代工业以来，内容运营的集大成者之一，是图书编辑。他们的职责就是生产、选择好的内容并将其卖给大众。

  如今的内容运营，说到底都脱胎于“编辑工作”，这是内容运营的源头。

  而内容运营经验，图书编辑这一行已经积累了上百年。这也是互联网泡沫的今天，作为内容领域的传统行业，图书出版市场仍然稳中有升的原因之一。

  或许我们可以从源头反思，好的内容运营到底是怎样的。

  好的内容长什么样？

  好书的样貌千差万别，好内容也是这样。

  脏话连篇的《麦田守望者》，竟然成为影响一代又一代人的成长之书；

  《海鸥乔纳森》，一个会说话的海鸥的故事，居然超过了《飘》的销售记录……

  这样出人意料的例子时有发生，全靠编辑们的内容判断能力。

  在拿下《沉默的羔羊》版权的资深编辑人马雷克看来，他

  从未看过的东西就是编辑想要找的好内容

  。

  因为

  新观念、新表达方式和意料之外的震撼，对编辑和读者都是一种鼓舞

  。

  具体来说，在编辑眼中，好内容有这么三种：

  一种是符合某种市场需求，且浅显易懂的内容。

  从供需角度出发，有需求便按图索骥。能够直接满足用户需求的内容，虽简单粗暴，但直击重点，极为有效。

  另一种，是有多种呈现可能的内容。

  就书稿而言，编辑人马雷克要选的是拥有“附属版权”的内容，它们既能在精装书市场吃得开，又能以平装书形式卖一波。

  延伸开来，就是要慧眼识IP，围绕IP进行多种开发和呈现，从而被更多人看见。

  最后是需要编辑去发现的内容。

  在马雷克看来，这种内容往往难以被具体归类，是市场和受众们以往都未曾见过的，需要编辑凭直觉发现，出于个人偏好和热情做出选择。

  《麦田守望者》《海鸥乔纳森》就是这样“被发现”的，早期的文学巨匠乔伊斯、进化论奠基人达尔文，就连诺贝尔文学奖得主福克纳，都是由编辑主动挖掘出的“金子”。

  其他内容领域也一样，发现新人，听起来像是玄学和赌注，可一旦你赌对了，收益绝对是巨大的。至于如何去挑选，这就需要运营者的直觉和热情，以及一次次挑选过程积累的经验，和收集用户反馈锻炼出来的内容判断力。

  如何从无到有，打造好内容？

  当下环境中，尤其对于各类自媒体，除非平台够大，才能拥有选择内容的空间和权力。更多时候，我们需要自主策划，直接产出符合需求的好内容来。

  此时，需要策划编辑来为我们指指路。

  麦卡锡，一位既在版权代理公司打过卡，也在出版社工作过，还是美国国家图书评论协会成员的编辑前辈，这么定义策划编辑的工作：

  “作者和编辑一起努力，把某个理念或故事构想发展为具有说服力的写作大纲或出版提案，然后扩充为文稿。其间每个阶段，都要尽力使文稿尽善尽美。”

  之所以需要策划编辑的介入，在于编辑更了解市场变化和读者需求，更能客观评估某一构想的合理性。

  另一方面，这样的合作从作者创作初始就有了编辑的把关，不容易跑偏，变相提高了创作效率，也减轻了彼此在写作和编辑过程中的孤独感。

  策划编辑和作者的合作，往往开始于某个构想，这个构想可能来自作者，也可能来自洞悉市场的编辑；

  之后，双方就这一构想开始讨论详细大纲或试写部分内容；

  大纲或试写修改得当，签订合同后，作者每完成部分内容便交由编辑修改，编辑以客观角度提出意见和建议，如此反复，完成整个作品。

  虽然流程看起来不过如此，但在过程中，需要编辑和作者不断磨合，需要编辑时刻保持客观，还要能根据作者的风格、习惯调整策略，以此激发作者的创造潜能，从而获得完美的内容。

  这套从无到有的策划流程适用于所有的内容生产者，不过，单打独斗的内容创作者们面临的考验要比策划编辑更大。因为他们既是内容创作者，也是策划编辑。如何跳脱创作者角色，从编辑的角度客观评价内容，是产出好内容的关键。

  正如麦卡锡所言，

  这样的策划工作中潜藏着丰富的可能性，创造性的合作可以带来丰硕的成果，每个人都将在这个过程中获益良多。

  怎样保持好内容的持续输出？

  昙花一现的好内容，只能带来短暂的流量高峰，要持续获得关注、保证收益，需要的是好内容的持续输出。

  系列作品的编辑和出版即是好内容持续输出的典范。关于系列图书，既享受过成功也体会过滑铁卢的编辑人托宾，可谓享有充足的发言权。

  “联邦政府特许的两名特种部队退伍老兵，开着一辆特殊装备的十八轮汽车，在公路上与罪犯交战。”

  这份动作冒险系列小说的提案，既有丰富的动作场面，又有完美人设，以及新奇的高科技装备。不论是从销售、营销角度还是从出版社角度来说，托宾都认为这是个让人兴奋的好内容。

  这一系列在托宾和出版社的运作下顺利面世，也确实吸引了一群热诚的读者。

  但随着市场的萎缩和出版社的业务调整，该系列销量不断下跌，在规模达到十几本后，被果断叫停。

  毫无疑问，系列内容产品带来的规模效应是单个产品难以企及的，一个成功的系列，带来的不仅是可观的收益，还有读者的持续关注和口碑。《哈利波特》系列、《魔戒》系列、《冰与火之歌》系列等等，既有收益又有口碑的例子比比皆是，这也是为什么我们要持续输出好内容的原因所在。

  托宾的经验告诉我们，要关注内容，也要学习和尊重市场规则，不断进行修正、调整和完善，且永远忠于最终决策者：用户。

  掌握核心法则的内容运营圣经

  在大多数人眼中，编辑人是一群两耳不闻窗外事，一心只读书稿的文字工作者。

  但其实早在自媒体、内容行业等诸多概念出现之前，他们就一直致力于挑选好内容，并将其以图书的形式呈现给大众。

  他们热爱创作者，愿意竭尽全力帮助创作者找到最有效的表达方式，与最广泛的读者保持联系，也在乎市场的反应和需求。

  内容行业的流量焦虑和内容焦虑，都像是编辑人种种经历的重演。

  如今，38位美国当代顶级编辑人，以深刻的洞察力和坦率的笔触拨开云雾，将编辑老兵们的运营法则全方位呈现于这本《编辑人的世界》之中。

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